Serine palmitoyltransferase
ProteinThe rate-limiting enzyme initiating de novo ceramide synthesis from serine and palmitoyl-CoA. SPT activity is directly suppressed by declining oestrogen and cortisol elevation.
Protein
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Sex hormone binding globulin
ProteinLiver-produced glycoprotein that binds testosterone, DHT, and oestradiol with high affinity, functioning as the primary gatekeeper of sex hormone bioavailability.
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Sirtuin
ProteinNAD⁺-dependent deacetylase enzymes found in every skin cell. SIRT1 is the most skin-relevant family member, regulating circadian clock amplitude, suppressing NF-κB-driven inflammation.